大白鯊獵食 有如連續殺人犯

2009年6月22日 星期一

【聯合報╱編譯莊蕙嘉/報導】 2009.06.23 03:14 am

一項研究發現,大白鯊和連續殺人犯的行為模式有共通之處。大白鯊會跟蹤、研究獵物,有計畫地掠食,並從過往經驗修正攻擊方式。

研究共同作者、專研大白鯊的邁阿密大學教授漢默舒拉格,研究南非一小島附近的340起沙魚攻擊海豹事件後,將報告發表於「動物學期刊」(Journal of Zoology)。

漢默舒拉格指出,大白鯊有特定的狩獵模式,而非隨機掠食。牠們會潛伏在距離獵物90公尺的地方,暗中觀察並跟蹤,這個距離可讓大白鯊清楚看到獵物的一舉一動,又不致於驚動牠們。

和連續殺人犯一樣,大白鯊挑在光線昏暗處行動,攻擊年輕及落單的獵物。大白鯊和殺人犯唯一不同之處是,攻擊獵物乃為生存。

學者在研究地點從日出到日落,觀察一天中大白鯊的行為,並導入地緣剖繪技術,歸納出沙魚跟蹤獵物的模式。研究也發現,年紀大的沙魚的跟蹤技巧比年輕者出色,更能不動聲色地潛行在獵物附近,顯示沙魚從掠食經驗中學習進步。

以犯罪學角度研究沙魚,源自已故的加拿大科學家馬登。同樣專研沙魚的馬登,曾讀過以地緣模式歸納罪犯行為文章,於是連絡研究犯罪學的專家羅斯莫,開始研究連續殺人犯和沙魚的共同處。

【2009/06/23 聯合報】



大白鯊獵食行徑 像殺人魔


〔編譯鄭寺音/綜合報導〕這兩種東西都是一種夢魘,會無預警地發動攻擊、殺人不眨眼。從動物學期刊22日發表的研究看來,海中的大白鯊與人類的連環殺人魔,共通點其實比你所想像的還多。科學家甚至發現,大白鯊與連續殺人魔,是以同樣的方式尋找下手目標。

邁阿密大學研究人員使用犯罪學的研究方法,觀察海中的殺人魔大白鯊之後,發現這種海中最大的獵食者,是以非常專注與計算過的方式尋找獵物,與殺人魔選定目標的方法不謀而合。換言之,別以為大白鯊是胡亂咬人,在牠下手前其實都經過精密估算。

刑事調查時,偵辦人員會使用所謂的「地緣剖繪」(geographic profiling)技術,描繪罪犯作案的「定位點」(通常是住家或工作場所)。由於連續殺人犯通常會在定位點周邊的限定區域作案,警方得知嫌犯的定位點後,就能篩選出特定區域的嫌犯。

研究人員觀察大白鯊在南非海岸所犯的「罪案」後,發現大白鯊的搜尋基礎定位非常清楚。他們的「定位點」,通常是在受害的海豹進出居住區域的100公尺內。年齡較輕的鯊魚,搜尋範圍較為分散,獵捕成績也較差。研究人員認為,這可能是因為較大型的鯊魚佔據最佳的獵食區,年輕的鯊魚才會到其他地區獵食。

2009-6-23 自由時報



研究發現大白鯊捕食方式類似連環殺手


  新華網倫敦6月22日電 據英國《每日電訊報》22日報道,最新一項科學研究發現,大白鯊捕食的地點比較有規律,這種捕食方式頗似連環殺手的作案手法。

  據報道,美國邁阿密大學研究人員利用犯罪學中地理畫像的方法來研究大白鯊的捕食方式。在刑事案件調查中,通過一系列有關聯的犯罪活動可以粗略斷定罪犯經常作案的地點,這一點叫做“錨點”。連環殺手一般傾向于在“錨點”附近的有限範圍內作案。

  研究人員在南非沿岸通過觀察340處大白鯊捕食海豹的地點並分析相關數據後發現,大白鯊的捕食範圍是可以界定的。它們的“錨點”在與海豹活動的島嶼地點相距100米的地方。研究還發現,年齡較小的大白鯊捕食地點比較分散,捕食成功率也較低。

  據報道,來自倫敦大學的地理畫像專家表示,研究鯊魚的捕食方式難度很大,地理畫像為研究動物捕食方式開闢了新的途徑。

2009-06-22 03:45:05 北京新浪網



Sharks are serial killers of the sea, says scientists

Published: 7:01AM BST 22 Jun 2009 Telegraph

Great white sharks hunt down their prey in the same way as serial killers, scientists have found.

Researchers used methods copied from criminology to show that great whites pick their targets in a highly focused fashion.

Prolific killers such as Peter Sutcliffe, the "Yorkshire Ripper", behave in much the same way.

The scientists adapted geographic profiling, a mathematical technique used to track down serial criminals, to investigate the hunting habits of great whites.

They observed the location of 340 shark attacks and used the data to locate the sharks' "anchor points".

In criminal investigations, a series of linked crimes - usually murder, rape or arson - is used to determine the rough location of the perpetrator's "anchor point". Most often this is a home or place of work.

Serial killers or rapists tend to operate within a confined area around the anchor point, so knowing its location allows police to avoid being swamped with suspects and prioritise those who live or work in certain areas.

The shark scientists linked the "crimes" of great whites off the South African coast - attacks on seals - and found that the sharks had a well defined search base.

Their "anchor point" tended to be 100 metres seaward of where the seals accessed and left the island where they lived.

Smaller, younger, sharks exhibited more dispersed search patterns and were less successful hunters.

The research, led by Dr Neil Hammerschlag, from the University of Miami in the US, is reported in the Journal of Zoology, published by the Zoological Society of London.

Dr Steven Le Comber, an expert on geographic profiling at the School of Biological and Chemical Sciences at Queen Mary, University of London, said: "Geographic profiling is an interesting new way to study patterns of animal foraging, and especially predation.

"Shark hunting patterns are extremely difficult to study and the work here will have important implications for our understanding of the ways in which predators hunt their prey."

Geographic profiling was developed by former Canadian "beat" policeman Kim Rossmo, now Professor of Criminal Justice at Texas State University.

It is extremely useful for whittling down lists of suspects and now routinely used by law enforcement agencies around the world.

In the Yorkshire Ripper case in the 1970s and 1980s police amassed a total of 268,000 potential suspect names and 4.5 million vehicle registration numbers.

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